{"id":253472,"date":"2026-02-09T16:23:56","date_gmt":"2026-02-09T15:23:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cimne.com\/particle-finite-element-method\/"},"modified":"2026-05-14T11:29:51","modified_gmt":"2026-05-14T09:29:51","slug":"particle-finite-element-method","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cimne.com\/ca\/particle-finite-element-method\/","title":{"rendered":"Particle Finite Element Method"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;display: flex;||align-items: center;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEM_particleladen.webp&#8221; alt=&#8221;PFEM particleladen&#8221; title_text=&#8221;PFEM_particleladen&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;display: flex;||align-items: center;&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEM_CIMNE_logo.png&#8221; alt=&#8221;PFEM CIMNE logo&#8221; title_text=&#8221;PFEM_CIMNE_logo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#004996&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<\/p>\n<p>Una eina per a la interacci\u00f3 fluid-estructura i problemes de grans deformacions<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p>El <strong>M\u00e8tode dels Elements Finits amb Part\u00edcules (PFEM)<\/strong> \u00e9s una t\u00e8cnica computacional molt potent desenvolupada al CIMNE per resoldre problemes d\u2019enginyeria complexos que involucren fluxos amb superf\u00edcie lliure, grans deformacions i interacci\u00f3 fluid\u2011estructura. El PFEM combina els avantatges dels m\u00e8todes lagrangians basats en part\u00edcules amb la robustesa de les t\u00e8cniques d\u2019elements finits, cosa que permet simular amb precisi\u00f3 problemes amb fronteres que evolucionen, interaccions de contacte complexes i acoblaments multif\u00edsics.<\/p>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; background_color=&#8221;RGBA(255,255,255,0)&#8221; background_size=&#8221;initial&#8221; background_position=&#8221;top_left&#8221; background_repeat=&#8221;repeat&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;HTML&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]    <!-- Hero Section --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <!-- Intro Section --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <!-- Applications Overview --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/p>\n<section class=\"applications-section\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/p>\n<div class=\"post-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"section-header\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<h2>Applications<\/h2>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"apps-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-card\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-icon\">????<\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<h3>Free-surface Flow<\/h3>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <pee>Accurate tracking of fluid free surfaces, including breaking waves and splashes<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-card\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-icon\">\u2699\ufe0f<\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<h3>Fluid-Solid Interaction<\/h3>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <pee>Free-surface fluid flows with elasto-plastic structures and complex contact<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-card\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-icon\">????<\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<h3>Industrial Processes<\/h3>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <pee>Simulation of manufacturing: machining, forging, extrusion, and casting<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-card\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-icon\">\u26f0\ufe0f<\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<h3>Landslides Runout<\/h3>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <pee>3D simulation of geophysical flows and landslide-generated waves<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-card\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"app-icon\">\u26aa<\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<h3>Particle-laden Flow<\/h3>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <pee>Multi-component flows with suspended particles using PFEM-DEM coupling<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/section>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <!-- About PFEM --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/p>\n<section class=\"accordion-section\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/p>\n<div class=\"post-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"section-header\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<h2>About the PFEM<\/h2>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- What is PFEM --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">What is the PFEM?<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The <strong>Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM)<\/strong> is a numerical technique for solving multi-physics problems involving fluid dynamics, solid mechanics, and fluid-structure interaction. The method uses a Lagrangian framework where the mesh nodes are treated as particles that move with the material flow.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>PFEM is particularly well-suited for problems involving:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 2rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Free-surface flows with large deformations<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Fluid-structure interaction with moving boundaries<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Industrial forming processes<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Geotechnical applications with large strains<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Multi-fluid and multi-phase flows<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/ul>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TsunamiPFEM.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Tsunami wave propagation and impact simulation<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/ShipeIce.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Icebreaker simulation using PFEM<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEMfractureFront-_cropped.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Wave breaking and fracture front propagation<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- How does PFEM work --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">How does the PFEM work?<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The PFEM approach consists of the following key steps:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>1. Lagrangian Description:<\/strong> The governing equations are written in a Lagrangian framework where the computational mesh moves with the material particles. This naturally handles convection terms and free-surface tracking.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>2. Mesh Generation:<\/strong> At each time step, a new finite element mesh is generated using the Delaunay triangulation of the particle positions. This allows the method to handle large deformations without mesh distortion problems.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>3. Alpha Shape Method:<\/strong> The boundary of the domain is identified using the alpha shape technique, which automatically detects the free surface and external boundaries.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>4. Finite Element Solution:<\/strong> The governing equations are solved using standard finite element procedures with appropriate stabilization techniques for incompressible flows.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/SolutionSteps.png\" alt=\"PFEM Solution Steps\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Fig 1: Solution steps in PFEM methodology<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/AlphaShapeSteps-1.png\" alt=\"Alpha Shape Steps\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Fig 2: Alpha shape boundary detection steps<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- PFEM for Fluids --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">PFEM for Fluids<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>For fluid dynamics problems, PFEM solves the Navier-Stokes equations in a Lagrangian framework. The method is particularly effective for:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Free-Surface Flows:<\/strong> The Lagrangian description naturally tracks the free surface without the need for special interface capturing techniques. This makes PFEM ideal for simulating wave breaking, splashing, and sloshing phenomena.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Non-Newtonian Fluids:<\/strong> PFEM can handle complex rheological models including Bingham plastics, viscoplastic materials, and shear-thinning fluids. Applications include fresh concrete flow, mudflows, and industrial slurries.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Multi-fluid Flows:<\/strong> The method can simulate problems involving multiple immiscible fluids with different densities and viscosities, including surface tension effects.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEM_Mesh_cropped.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">PFEM mesh in a free-surface fluid dynamics problem<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/SP03_3D_1aParte.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Fresh concrete slump test with non-Newtonian Bingham model<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- PFEM for Solids --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">PFEM for Solids<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>PFEM has been successfully extended to solid mechanics problems involving large deformations and complex material behavior:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Large Deformation Analysis:<\/strong> The continuous remeshing capability allows PFEM to handle extremely large deformations that would cause severe mesh distortion in standard FEM approaches.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Contact Problems:<\/strong> The method naturally handles contact and friction between deformable bodies, as well as contact with rigid tools. This is essential for manufacturing process simulations.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Fracture and Failure:<\/strong> PFEM can simulate crack propagation and material failure by allowing the mesh to separate along element edges, creating new free surfaces.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pressing_quarter.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Pressing a quarter of a metal cylinder<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orthogonal_cutting_test.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Orthogonal cutting test with deformable tool<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/3d_machining.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">3D machining with continuous chip formation<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/machining_rigid_tool.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Machining with rigid tool &#8211; segmental chip<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/cylindrical_steel_bar.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Cylindrical steel bar impacting a wall<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- PFEM for FSI --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">PFEM for FSI<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI)<\/strong> is one of the most powerful capabilities of PFEM. The method can handle:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Fully Coupled Problems:<\/strong> PFEM solves the fluid and solid domains in a fully coupled manner, ensuring accurate transmission of forces and displacements at the interface.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Free-Surface FSI:<\/strong> The method excels at problems where the fluid has a free surface that interacts with structures, such as wave impact on coastal structures or sloshing in tanks.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Large Motion FSI:<\/strong> PFEM can handle problems with large structural displacements and rotations, including floating bodies and inflatable structures.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"single-media\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FSItodo.png\" alt=\"FSI Applications Overview\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <pee class=\"media-caption\">Overview of FSI applications with PFEM<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FSI3D.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Collapse of water column against deformable membrane<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEMfractureFront.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Concrete wall collapse due to tsunami impact<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Airbag.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">PFEM coupled with Abaqus for airbag deployment<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- PFEM-2 --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">PFEM-2<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>PFEM-2<\/strong> is an enhanced version of the method that allows for larger time steps and improved computational efficiency:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Multi-time-step Strategy:<\/strong> PFEM-2 uses a predictor-corrector scheme that allows using time steps much larger than traditional explicit methods while maintaining accuracy.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Particle Enrichment:<\/strong> The method enriches the solution with particle-based information to capture fine-scale features without requiring excessively fine meshes.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Multi-fluid Capabilities:<\/strong> PFEM-2 excels at simulating multi-fluid problems with large density ratios and complex interface dynamics.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEM21.png\" alt=\"PFEM-2 Figure 1\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Fig 1: PFEM-2 methodology schematic<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEM22.png\" alt=\"PFEM-2 Figure 2\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Fig 2: Multi-time-step integration scheme<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RT_pfem.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Rayleigh-Taylor instability at Atwood number 3 &#8211; time-step comparison<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/comparisonDamBreak2.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Experimental validation: dam break collapse<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/jet3d24M.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Liquid jet injection and primary atomization<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/RT2.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Rayleigh-Taylor instability simulation<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/section>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <!-- Detailed Applications --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/p>\n<section class=\"accordion-section\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/p>\n<div class=\"post-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"section-header\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<h2>Detailed Applications<\/h2>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Hydraulic Engineering --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Hydraulic Engineering<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The accurate simulation of the fluid free surface, even in the presence of <strong>breaking waves<\/strong> and <strong>splashes<\/strong>, together with the automatic modeling of fluid convection and the good energy conservation properties, make the PFEM an ideal tool for the analysis of different hydraulic engineering problems.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The first PFEM simulation of hydraulic laboratory tests was presented in validation studies comparing PFEM results against experimental observations on four different free-surface flow configurations. The suitability of PFEM in modeling wave propagation was clearly demonstrated by reproducing accurately different types of <strong>propagating waves<\/strong> in laboratory channels.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>Recent work used a PFEM-FEM-DEM technique to simulate the propagation of a <strong>tsunami wave<\/strong> in a hydraulic laboratory channel, its impact against a concrete wall and the breakage of the solid structure.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Dam Engineering:<\/strong> PFEM has been applied to simulate overtopping and failure of rockfill dams and related seepage phenomena. Studies include 3D air-water interaction for estimating air demand at dam bottom outlets, and analysis of water shock waves at dam spillways.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEMfractureLateral_cropped.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Tsunami wave propagation and impact against concrete wall<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/colapsePFEM2.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Collapse of tank with water-oil mixture (PFEM-2)<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Manufacturing Processes --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Manufacturing Processes<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The simulation of manufacturing processes represents one of the relevant areas of applications of the PFEM. The capability of the method to deal with large deformations, complex contact interaction, and constitutive models explains the large number of PFEM works on manufacturing processes. Furthermore, typically, these problems also include coupled thermal effects that can be easily handled with the PFEM.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Metal Forming:<\/strong> PFEM-solid formulation has been used to reproduce industrial metal forging, machining, and powder filling problems. The method can efficiently simulate cutting processes involving friction, adiabatic shear bands, excessive heating, large strains, and high strain rates.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Mold Filling and Casting:<\/strong> For problems involving large deformation of contours, fluid dynamics approaches are generally preferred. Applications include casting problems and glass forming where the heat equation is coupled to the mechanical model through temperature-dependent viscosity.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/massive_forge_von_misses_stress.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Cold Massive Forge &#8211; Coining of copper piece<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/hot_bending_temperature.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Hot bending of steel plate at 800K<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/non_orthogonal_cut_continous_chip_von_misses_stress.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Non-orthogonal machining with deformable tool<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rigid_tool_cut_plastic_strain_3d.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Machining with rigid tool &#8211; segmental chip<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/shearing_single_cut_temperature.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Cold shearing of steel plate<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Landslides --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Landslides<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The numerical simulation of landslides is a complex task, due to the complex characterization of the landslide bulk material, the highly deforming shape of the sliding bodies, and the large size of the events. The PFEM has shown to have great potential in this field thanks to its capacity of capturing evolving free surfaces and the possibility of using accurate <strong>constitutive models<\/strong> for the landslide material.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>Various rheological models have been employed including:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-left: 2rem; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Plasticity models with <strong>Mohr-Coulomb<\/strong> yield criterion<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Elastic-viscoplastic models for progressive failure<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li><strong>Bingham models<\/strong> for flow-like landslides<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Regularized <strong>\u03bc(I)-rheology<\/strong> for dense granular flows<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/ul>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>PFEM has been used to simulate <strong>landslide-generated waves<\/strong> (the multi-hazard scenario produced by the impact of landslides in water reservoirs), including the reproduction of the Vajont landslide and the consequent impulse wave in the hydroelectric reservoir using a three-dimensional formulation.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/PFEMmuIrheology-1.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Granular flow with \u03bc(I)-rheology<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/TsunamiTake.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Tsunami wave created by water landslide<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FritzLandslide.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Wave generated by impact of granular material<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Geotechnical Applications --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Geotechnical Applications<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The PFEM has shown great potential for modeling large deformation problems in geotechnics. The method can track in a natural way the deforming shape of the soil body, compute accurately the contact interaction between the soil and external tools, and consider complex constitutive models.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Cone Penetration Test (CPT):<\/strong> PFEM simulations of CPT in potentially liquefiable materials using state-parameter dependent constitutive models (CASM), showing evolution of water pressure, mean effective stress and deviatoric stress during undrained testing.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Biaxial Tests:<\/strong> Simulation of strain-softening materials using non-local regularization techniques, showing evolution of mesh, vertical stress, incremental plastic deviatoric strain and current bonding.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>Pile Installation:<\/strong> Analysis of rough pile insertion in soft clay, modeling the complex non-linear problem of soil-structure interaction during penetration.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/cone_penetration_test.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Cone penetration test in liquefiable materials<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/biaxial_test.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Biaxial test on structured soil<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/insertion_rough_pile.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Insertion of rough pile in soft clay<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/free_falling_penetrometer.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Free-falling penetrometer simulation<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Particle-laden Flows --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Particle-laden Flows<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>Particle-laden, or particulate, flow refers to the dynamics of a <strong>multi-component medium<\/strong> where at least one component is a continuously connected fluid (the suspending fluid), and at least one remaining phase consists of disconnected sub-domains (the <strong>particles<\/strong>).<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>The PFEM, combined with a discrete element solver such as the <strong>Discrete Element Method (DEM)<\/strong>, enables the solution of particle-laden flows even in presence of large motions and changes of shape of the fluid domain.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee><strong>PFEM-DEM Coupling:<\/strong> Recent formulations allow solid particles to move across fluid elements of the PFEM mesh, similar to traditional particle-in-cell schemes. This maintains good mesh quality during analysis at reasonable computational cost.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-grid\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/FoodMixing.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Mixing process using PFEM-DEM coupled method<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div class=\"media-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <video controls><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><source src=\"https:\/\/cimne.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/VaciadoRho1_3Dview.mp4\" type=\"video\/mp4\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><\/video><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee class=\"media-caption\">Water tank discharge with embedded particles<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/section>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <!-- Bibliography --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/p>\n<section class=\"accordion-section\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/p>\n<div class=\"post-container\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"section-header\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<h2>Bibliography<\/h2>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Articles --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Articles<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>Selected peer-reviewed publications on PFEM methodology and applications:<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<ul class=\"references-list\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Idelsohn SR, O\u00f1ate E, Pin FD (2004) <em>The particle finite element method: a powerful tool to solve incompressible flows with free-surfaces and breaking waves.<\/em> Int J Numer Methods Eng 61(7):964\u2013989<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>O\u00f1ate E, Idelsohn S, Pin FD, Aubry R (2004) <em>The particle finite element method. An overview.<\/em> Int J Comput Methods 1:267\u2013307<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Idelsohn S, O\u00f1ate E, Pin FD (2004) <em>The particle finite element method: a powerful tool to solve incompressible flows with free-surfaces and breaking waves.<\/em> Int J Numer Methods Eng 61(7):964\u2013989<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>O\u00f1ate E, Rojek J, Idelsohn S, Pin FD, Aubry R (2006) <em>Advances in stabilized finite element and particle methods for bulk forming processes.<\/em> Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 195(48\u201349):6750\u20136777<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>O\u00f1ate E, Idelsohn S, Celigueta M, Rossi R (2008) <em>Advances in the particle finite element method for the analysis of fluid-multibody interaction and bed erosion in free surface flows.<\/em> Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 197(19\u201320):1777\u20131800<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Carbonell JM, O\u00f1ate E, Suarez B (2010) <em>Modeling Ground Excavation with the Particle Finite-Element Method.<\/em> J Eng Mech 136(4):455\u2013463<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Cremonesi M, Frangi A, Perego U (2011) <em>A Lagrangian finite element approach for the simulation of water-waves induced by landslides.<\/em> Comput Struct 89(11\u201312):1086\u20131093<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>O\u00f1ate E, Franci A, Carbonell JM (2014) <em>A particle finite element method for analysis of industrial forming processes.<\/em> Comput Mech 54(1):85\u2013107<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Franci A, O\u00f1ate E, Carbonell JM (2016) <em>Unified Lagrangian formulation for solid and fluid mechanics and FSI problems.<\/em> Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 298:520\u2013547<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Rodriguez J, Carbonell JM, Cante J, Oliver J (2016) <em>The particle finite element method (PFEM) in thermo-mechanical problems.<\/em> Int J Numer Methods Eng 107(9):733\u2013785<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Gimenez J, Ramajo D, Dami\u00e1n S, Nigro N, Idelsohn S (2017) <em>An assessment of the potential of PFEM-2 for solving long real-time industrial applications.<\/em> Comput Part Mech 4(3):251\u2013267<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Franci A, Cremonesi M (2019) <em>3D regularized \u03bc(I)-rheology for Granular flows simulation.<\/em> J Comput Phys 378:257\u2013277<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Cremonesi M, Franci A, Idelsohn SR, O\u00f1ate E (2020) <em>A state of the art review of the Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM).<\/em> Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 17, 1709-1735<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>Franci A, Cremonesi M, Perego U, Crosta G, O\u00f1ate E (2020) <em>3D simulation of Vajont disaster. Part 1: Numerical formulation and validation.<\/em> Engineering Geology, 105854<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<li>O\u00f1ate E, Cornejo A, Z\u00e1rate F, Kashiyama K, Franci A (2022) <em>Combination of the finite element method and particle-based methods for predicting the failure of reinforced concrete structures under extreme water forces.<\/em> Engineering Structures, 251B, 113510<\/li>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/ul>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee style=\"margin-top: 1rem; font-style: italic; color: #666;\">&#8230; and 100+ additional publications. See full list for complete bibliography.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Theses --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Theses<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<table class=\"content-table\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<thead><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Author<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Year<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Title<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Institution<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/thead>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<tbody><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Del Pin F<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2003<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>The meshless finite element method applied to a lagrangian particle formulation of fluid flows<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Aubry R<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2006<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Incompressible Lagrangian fluid flow with thermal coupling<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Marti J<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2008<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>El m\u00e9todo de elementos finitos de part\u00edculas en interacci\u00f3n fluido-estructura<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Carbonell JM<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2009<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Modeling of Ground Excavation with the Particle Finite Element Method<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Cremonesi M<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>A Lagrangian finite element method for the interaction between flexible structures and free surfaces fluid flows<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Politecnico di Milano, Italy<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Ryzhakov P<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2010<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Lagrangian FE methods for coupled problems in fluid mechanics<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Larese A<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2012<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Instability analysis of earth dams due to overspills by the particle finite element method<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Rodriguez JM<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2013<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Numerical modeling of metal cutting processes using the Particle Finite Element Method<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Zhang X<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Particle Finite Element Method in Geomechanics<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>The University of Newcastle, Australia<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Zhu M<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Fluid-structure interaction analysis with the particle finite element method<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Oregon State University, US<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Franci A<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Unified Lagrangian formulation for fluid and solid mechanics, fluid-structure interaction and coupled thermal problems using the PFEM<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Becker P<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>An enhanced Particle Finite Element Method with special emphasis on landslides and debris flows<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Monforte L<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2018<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Insertion problems in geomechanics with the particle finite element method<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Celigueta MA<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>A Particle Finite Element Method for fluid-related problems in civil engineering<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Meduri S<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2019<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>A fully explicit Lagrangian finite element method for highly nonlinear fluid\u2013structure interaction problems<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Politecnico di Milano, Italy<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Cornejo A<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2020<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>A fully Lagrangian formulation for fluid-structure interaction between free-surface flows and multi-fracturing solids<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya, Spain<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/tbody>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/table>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- On-line talks --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">On-line Talks<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<table class=\"content-table\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<thead><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Author<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Year<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Title<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<th>Duration<\/th>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/thead>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<tbody><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Cremonesi M<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2021<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>A fully explicit Lagrangian Finite Element Method for highly non-linear fluid-structure interaction problems, CIMNE seminars<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>55 min<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>O\u00f1ate E<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2016<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>El m\u00e9todo de elementos finitos y part\u00edculas (PFEM) en Ingenier\u00eda<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>72 min<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>O\u00f1ate E<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>The Particle Finite Element Method (PFEM) in Engineering<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>68 min<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Idelsohn S<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2015<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>The Particle Finite Element Method &#8211; Second Generation. Particles 2015, Barcelona<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>35 min<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<tr><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Idelsohn S<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>2014<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>Particle Methods: The most efficient way to solve fluid mechanics problem. WCCM, Barcelona<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                        <\/p>\n<td>44 min<\/td>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/tr>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/tbody>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/table>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <!-- Open Source Codes --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-item\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <button class=\"accordion-header\">Open-Source Codes<\/button><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-content\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/p>\n<div class=\"accordion-body\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <pee>PFEM analysis of fluid dynamics, non-linear solid mechanics and fluid-structure interaction problems can be run with the open-source code <strong>Kratos Multiphysics<\/strong> and the user-friendly interface programmed through the pre- and post-processor <strong>GiD<\/strong>.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/p>\n<div style=\"display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(300px, 1fr)); gap: 2rem; margin: 2rem 0; text-align: center;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/kratos_logo_sq_240910095744.jpg\" alt=\"Kratos Multiphysics\" style=\"max-width: 250px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<h4 style=\"color: #1e3c72; margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\">Kratos Multiphysics<\/h4>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee>A framework for building parallel multi-disciplinary simulation software. Modularity, extensibility and HPC are the main objectives. Kratos has BSD license and is written in C++ with extensive Python interface.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/p>\n<div><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/cimne-gid-logo.jpg\" alt=\"GiD\" style=\"max-width: 250px; margin-bottom: 1rem;\"><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <\/p>\n<h4 style=\"color: #1e3c72; margin-bottom: 0.5rem;\">GiD<\/h4>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                    <pee>A pre- and post-processor designed to cover all common needs in numerical simulation: geometrical modeling, definition of analysis data, meshing, data transfer to analysis software, and visualization of numerical results.<\/pee><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                    <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        <\/div>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/section>\n<p><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_code admin_label=&#8221;js&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]    <script><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        \/\/ Accordion functionality<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        document.querySelectorAll('.accordion-header').forEach(button => {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            button.addEventListener('click', () => {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->                const 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[et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        \/\/ Open first accordion item by default<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        document.querySelector('.accordion-item').classList.add('active');<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->    <\/script><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->[\/et_pb_code][et_pb_code disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;CSS&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.27.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<style><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->       <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] --><!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->       <!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        \/* Intro Section *\/<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->        .intro-section {<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            \/* background: white; *\/<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            padding: 4rem 0;<!-- [et_pb_line_break_holder] -->            text-align: center;<!-- 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